Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
Volume 22, Issue 1 , Pages 11-18 , February 2009

Bacterial Populations in the Vaginas of Healthy Adolescent Women

  • Ted Yamamoto

      Affiliations

    • Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
    • ,
  • Xia Zhou

      Affiliations

    • Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
    • ,
  • Chris J. Williams

      Affiliations

    • Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
    • ,
  • Anne Hochwalt

      Affiliations

    • FemCare Product Safety and Regulatory Affairs, Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
    • ,
  • Larry J. Forney

      Affiliations

    • Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Dr. Larry J. Forney, Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences South, Rm. 463, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844.

References 

  1. Alvarez-Olmos MI, Barousse MM, Rajan L, et al. Vaginal lactobacilli in adolescent: presence and relationship to local and systemic immunity, and to bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Dis. 2004;31:393
  2. Forsum U, Holst E, Larsson PG, et al. Bacterial vaginosis—a microbiological and immunological enigma. APMIS. 2005;113:81
  3. Hillier SL. The vaginal microbial ecosystem and resistance to HIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses Suppl. 1998;1:S17
  4. Sewankambo N, Gray RH, Wawer MJ, et al. HIV-1 infection associated with abnormal vaginal flora morphology and bacterial vaginosis. Lancet. 1997;350:546
  5. Stahl CE, Hill GB. Microflora of the female genital tract. In:  Galask LBRP editors. Infectious Diseases in the Female Patient. The Clinical Perspectives in Obstetrics and Gynecology. New York: Springer; 2004;p. 16–42
  6. Brown WJ. Microbial ecology of the normal vagina. In:  Hafez ESE,  Evens TN editor. The Human Vagina. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co.; 1978;p. 407–422
  7. Spiegal CA. Bacterial vaginosis. Rev Clin Microbiol. 1991;4:285
  8. Antonio MAD, Hawes SE, Hillier SL. The identification of vaginal Lactobacillus species and the demographic and microbiologic characteristics of women colonized by these species. J Infect Dis. 1999;180:1950
  9. Kilic AO, Pavlova SI, Alpay S, et al. Comparative study of vaginal Lactobacillus phages isolated from women in the United States and Turkey: prevalence, morphology, host range, and DNA homology. Clin Diag Lab Immunol. 2001;8:31
  10. Vallor AC, Antonio MAD, Hawes SE, et al. Factors associated with acquisition of, or persistent colonization by, vaginal lactobacilli: role of hydrogen peroxide production. J Infect Dis. 2001;184:1431
  11. Anukam KC, Osazuma EO, Ahonkhai I, et al. 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic tree of lactobacillus species from the vagina of healthy Nigerian women. African J Biotech. 2005;4:1222
  12. Burton JP, Devillard E, Cadieux PA, et al. Detection of Atopobium vaginae in postmenopausal women by cultivation-independent methods warrants further investigation. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:1829
  13. Jovita MR, Collins MD, Sjödén B, et al. Characterization of a novel Atopobium isolate from the human vagina: description of Atopobium vaginae sp. nov. Intl J Syst Bacteriol. 1999;49:1573
  14. Vasquez A, Jakobsson T, Ahrne S, et al. Vaginal Lactobacillus flora of healthy Swedish women. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:2746
  15. Zhou X, Bent SJ, Schneider MG, et al. Characterization of vaginal microbial communities in adult healthy women using cultivation-independent methods. Microbiol. 2004;150:2565
  16. Boskey ER, Cone RA, Whaley KJ, et al. Origins of vaginal acidity: high D/L lactate ratio is consistent with bacteria being the primary source. Hum Reprod. 2001;16:1809
  17. Klebanoff SJ, Killier SL, Eschenback DA, et al. Control of the microbial flora of the vagina by H2O2-generating lactobacilli. J Infect Dis. 1991;164:94
  18. Falsen E, Pascual C, Sjödén B, et al. Phenotypic and phylogenetic characterization of a novel Lactobacillus species from human sources: description of Lactobacillus iners sp. nov. Intl J Syst Bacteriol. 1999;49:217
  19. Hill GB, Eschenbach DA, Holmes KK. Bacteriology of the vagina. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 1984;86:23
  20. Pavlova SI, Kilic AO, Kilic SS, et al. Genetic diversity of vaginal lactobacilli from women in different countries based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. J Appl Microbiol. 2001;92:451
  21. Goldacre MJ, Watt B, Loudon N, et al. Vaginal microbial flora in normal young women. Br Med J. 1979;2:1450
  22. Hill MJ, Marsch PD. Human Microbial Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc; 1990;89–116
  23. Redondo-Lopez V, Cook RL, Sobel JD. Emerging role of lactobacilli in the control and maintenance of the vaginal bacterial microbiota. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12:856
  24. Verhelst R, Verstraelen H, Claeys G, et al. Cloning of 16S rRNA genes amplified from normal and disturbed vaginal microbiota suggests a strong association between Atopobium vaginae, Gardnerella vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis. BMC Microbiol. 2004;4:16
  25. Hammerschlag MR, Alpert S, Onderdonk AB, et al. Anaerobic microbiota of the vagina in children. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1978;131:853
  26. Randjelović G, Kocić B, Stojanović M, et al. Bacteriological findings of the vulvar swab specimens from girls with vulvovaginitis. Med Biol. 2005;12:159
  27. Abdo Z, Schütte UME, Bent SJ, et al. Statistical methods for characterizing diversity of microbial communities by analysis of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms of 16S rRNA genes. Environ Microbiol. 2006;8:929
  28. Zhou X, Brown CJ, Abdo Z, et al. Differences in the composition of vaginal microbial communities found in healthy Caucasian and black women. ISME J. 2007;1:121
  29. Parsonnet J, Hansmann M, Delaney M. Prevalence of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 producing Staphylococcus aureus and the presence of antibodies to this superantigen in menstruating women. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:4628
  30. Catlin BW. Gardnerella vaginalis: characteristics, clinical considerations, and controversies. Rev Clin Microbiol. 1992;5:213
  31. Shafer MA, Sweet RL, Ohm-Smith MJ, et al. Microbiology of the lower genital tract in postmenarchal adolescent girls: differences by sexual activity, contraception, and presence of nonspecific vaginitis. J Pediatr. 1985;107:974
  32. In:  Morse SA,  Butel JS editor. Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology. 23rd ed.. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1995;
  33. Song Y-L, Kato N, Matsumiya Y, et al. Identification of and hydrogen peroxide production by fecal and vaginal lactobacilli isolated from Japanese women and newborn infants. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:3062
  34. Eschenbach DA, Davick PR, Williams BL, et al. Prevalence of hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus species in normal women and women with bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27:251
  35. In:  Salminen S,  Wright AV,  Ouwehand A editor. Lactic acid bacteria: microbiological and functional aspects. 3rd ed.. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc; 2004;
  36. Zheng H, Alcorn TM, Cohen MS. Effects of H2O2-producing lactobacilli on Neisseria gonorrhoeae growth and catalase activity. J Infect Dis. 1994;170:1209
  37. Kmet V, Lucchini F. Aggregation-promoting factor in human vaginal Lactobacillus strains. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1997;19:111
  38. Boris S, Suarez JE, Vazquez F, et al. Adherence of human vaginal lactobacilli to vaginal epithelial cells and interaction with uropathogens. Infect Immun. 1998;66:1985
  39. Schachtsiek M, Hammes WP, Hertel C. Characterization of Lactobacillus coryniformis DSM 20001T Surface protein Cpf mediating coaggregation with and aggregation among pathogens. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70:7078
  40. Rabe LK, Hillier SL. Optimization of media for detection of hydrogen peroxide production by Lactobacillus species. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:3260
  41. Tittsler RP, Pederson CS, Snell EE, et al. Symposium on the lactic acid bacteria. Bacteriol Rev. 1952;16:227
  42. Antonio MAD, Rabe LK, Hillier SL. Colonization of the rectum by Lactobacillus species and deceased risk of bacterial vaginosis. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:394
  43. Reid G, Charbonneau D, Erb J, et al. Oral use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 significantly alters vaginal flora: randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 64 healthy women. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2003;131
  44. Cauci S, Monte R, Driussi S, et al. Impairment of the mucosal immune system: IgA and IgM cleavage detected in vaginal washing of a subgroup of patients with bacterial vaginosis. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:1698
  45. Crane-Godreau MA, Wira CR. Effect of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on macrophage inflammatory protein 3α, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and transforming growth factor β release by polarized rat uterine epithelial cells in culture. Infect Immun. 2003;72:1866

PII: S1083-3188(08)00074-0

doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2008.01.073

Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
Volume 22, Issue 1 , Pages 11-18 , February 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution