Breast Disease in Children and Adolescents in Eastern Nigeria—a Five-Year Study

Abstract 

Aims and Objectives

(1) To define the spectrum of breast diseases in the children and adolescents in Eastern Nigeria. (2) To provide where possible, an international comparison of statistical variations of both benign and malignant lesions in these age groups.

Materials and Methods

The Morbid Anatomy Department of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu is a referral center for over 30 million people. The laboratory receives around 2,000 surgical pathology specimens per year. Virtually all children and adolescents (4–19) years who complained of a breast mass had a biopsy, and results of all excised breast specimens from children and adolescent age groups from 4 to 19 years were included in the study. The case files of these patients were retrieved and reviewed to ascertain the size and duration of the breast lesions. The number of phyllodes tumors seen in the child and adolescent population was compared to those seen in the adult population at the same period.

Two independent pathologists reviewed the slides, and their results compared.

Results

A total of 1050 breast specimens were received in the department of morbid anatomy from all age groups, from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2004, out of which 121 (11.5%) were breast specimens from the children and adolescent age groups. On the average most patients with benign breast lesions presented within 3–5 months of their symptoms, which usually was a palpable lump detected in all cases by either the child or the mother. Their sizes vary from 2–3 cm and only ten were multiple but they were all confined to one breast. Those with phyllodes presented typically within 3 months probably because of the faster rate of growth. Their sizes varied from 5–13 cm and they were all unilateral. Phyllodes tumor in this age group constitute 28.6% of all phyllodes seen in this period and were all benign. The mean age was approximately 11.5 years while the median age was 18 years. Three cases were malignant.

Conclusion

Fibro adenoma, fibrocystic breast disease, and low grade phyllodes tumor were the most common breast lesions seen in our children and adolescent population. The three cases of malignancy observed included invasive intraductal carcinoma, a non-hodgkin lymphoma, and metastases involving the lymph nodes from an uncharacterized secondary malignancy. Phyllodes tumors were typically larger in size and tended to present earlier. Genetic characterization of such lesions is recommended for future studies as well as their relationship to lesions seen among other Africans in Diaspora.

Key Words: Breast disease, Children, Adolescent, Histopathological, Eastern Nigeria