Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
Volume 23, Issue 6 , Pages 352-357 , December 2010

Innervation of the Labia Minora of Prepubertal Girls

  • Justine Schober, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
    • Hamot Medical Center, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Justine Schober, MD, 333 State Street, Suite 201, Erie, PA 16507
    • ,
  • Timothy Cooney, MS

      Affiliations

    • Hamot Medical Center, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA
    • ,
  • Donald Pfaff, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
    • ,
  • Lazarus Mayoglou, DO

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
    • Hamot Medical Center, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA
    • ,
  • Nieves Martin-Alguacil, DVM

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
    • Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

References 

  1. In:  Blank J editors. Femalia. San Francisco: Down There Press; 1993;
  2. Chavis WM, LaFerla JJ, Niccolini R. Plastic repair of elongated, hypertrophic labia minora. A case report. J Reprod Med. 1989;34:373
  3. Choi HY, Kim KT. A new method for aesthetic reduction of labia minora (the deepithelialized reduction of labioplasty). Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105:419
  4. Fliegner JR. Vulval varicosities and labial reduction. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;37:129
  5. Kato K, Kondo A, Gotoh M, et al. Hypertrophy of labia minora in myelodysplastic women. Labioplasty to ease clean intermittent catheterization. Urology. 1988;31:294
  6. Miklos JR, Moore RD. Labiaplasty of the labia minora: patients' indications for pursuing surgery. J Sex Med. 2008;5:1492
  7. McKinney A, Wallace JA, Alderdice JM. Crohn's disease of the labia minora. Ulster Med J. 1995;64:92
  8. Eyvazzadeh AD, Smith YR, Lieberman R, et al. A rare case of vulvar endometriosis in an adolescent girl. Fertil Steril. 2009;91:929;e9
  9. de Waard J, Weijenborg PT, ter Kuile MM, et al. [Request for labia correction: sometimes more than a simple question.]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2002;146:1209
  10. Goodman MP. Female cosmetic genital surgery. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113:154
  11. Ridley CM, Neill SM. The Vulva. 2nd ed.. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science; 1999;
  12. Malinovský L, Sommerová J, Martincík J. Quantitative evaluation of sensory nerve endings in hypertrophy of labia minora pudendi in women. Acta Anat (Basel). 1975;92:129
  13. Shafik A, Shafik AA, Ahmed I. Response of the labia majora and minora to clitoral stimulation. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2004;86:401
  14. Yang CC, Cold CJ, Yilmaz U, et al. Sexually responsive vascular tissue of the vulva. BJU Int. 2006;97:766
  15. Hoyle CH, Stones RW, Robson T, et al. Innervation of vasculature and microvasculature of the human vagina by NOS and neuropeptide-containing nerves. J Anat. 1996;188:633
  16. D'Amati G, di Gioia CR, Bologna M, et al. Type 5 phosphodiesterase expression in the human vagina. Urology. 2002;60:191
  17. Burnett AL, Saito S, Maguire MP, et al. Localization of nitric oxide synthase in spinal nuclei innervating pelvic ganglia. J Urol. 1995;153:212
  18. Yucel S, De Souza A, Baskin LS. Neuroanatomy of the human female lower urogenital tract. J Urol. 2004;172:191
  19. Martin-Alguacil N, Schober JM, Sengelaub DR, et al. Clitoral sexual arousal: neuronal tracing study from the clitoris through the spinal tracts. J Urol. 2008;180:1241
  20. Grozdanovic Z, Mayer B, Baumgarten HG, et al. Nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve fibers and neurons in the genital tract of the female mouse. Cell Tissue Res. 1994;275:355
  21. Al-Hijji J, Batra S. Downregulation by estrogen of nitric oxide synthase activity in the female rabbit lower urinary tract. Urology. 1999;53:637
  22. Martin-Alguacil N, Schober J, Kow LM, et al. Oestrogen receptor expression and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the clitoris and preputial gland structures of mice. BJU Int. 2008;102:1719
  23. Munarriz R, Maitland S, Garcia SP, et al. A prospective duplex Doppler ultrasonographic study in women with sexual arousal disorder to objectively assess genital engorgement induced by EROS therapy. J Sex Marital Ther. 2003;29:85
  24. Schober JM, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Ransley PG. Self-assessment of genital anatomy, sexual sensitivity and function in women: implications for genitoplasty. BJU Int. 2004;94:589

PII: S1083-3188(10)00127-0

doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2010.03.009

Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
Volume 23, Issue 6 , Pages 352-357 , December 2010

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