Adolescent contraception: An overview

References

1. • Greydanus D
   Alternatives to adolescent pregnancy. A discussion of the contraceptive literature from 1960–1980.
   Semin Perinatol. 1981; 5: 53-89
   • Google Scholar
2. • Doyle K
   • Cassell C
   Teenage sexuality: the early adolescent years.
   Obstet Gynecol Ann. 1981; 10: 423-446
   • Google Scholar
3. • Hare E
   Masturbatory insanity: the history of an idea.
   J Mental Science. 1962; 108: 1-25
   • Google Scholar
4. • Welldon J
   The Rhetoric of Aristotle. Macmillan Publishing Co., London1886: 1
   • Google Scholar
5. • Shen J
   Adolescent sexual behavior.
   Adoles Sex. 1982; 71: 46-55
   • Google Scholar
6. • Greydanus D
   Adolescent sexuality: an overview and perspective for the 1980's.
   Pediatr Ann. 1982; 11: 714-726
   • Google Scholar
7. • Reiss I
   Sexual renaissance: summary and analysis.
   J Sociol Issues. 1966; 22: 123-127
   • Google Scholar
8. • Schofield M
   The sexual behavior of young adults. Little Brown and Company, Boston1973
   • Google Scholar
9. Emans S Goldstein D Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Little, Brown and Company, Boston1982
   • Google Scholar
10. • Lyle K
    • Segal S
    Contraceptive use-effectiveness and the American adolescent.
    J Reprod Med. 1979; 22: 225-232
    • Google Scholar
11. • Neinstein LS
    • Katz B
    Contraceptive use in the chronically ill adolescent female I. 1986; 7: 123-133
    • Google Scholar
12. • Hofmann A
    Contraception in adolescence: a review.
    Bull WHO. 1984; 62: 151-162
    • Google Scholar
13. • Broome M
    Contraception for adolescents.
    Practitioner. 1984; 228: 493-498
    • Google Scholar
14. • Zelnik M
    • Kantner J
    Sexual activity, contraceptive use and pregnancy among metropolitan area teenagers: 1971–1979.
    Fam Plan Perspect. 1980; 12: 230-237
    • Google Scholar
15. Teenage pregnancy and fertility trends–United States, 1974 and 1980, leads from the MMWR.
    JAMA. 1985; 253: 3064-3065
    • Google Scholar
16. • Zabin L
    • Clark S
    Why they delay: a study of teenage family planning clinic patients.
    Fam Plan Perspect. 1981; 13: 205-217
    • Google Scholar
17. • Jones E
    • Forrest J
    • Goldman N
    • et al.
    Teenage pregnancy in developed countries: determinants and policy implications.
    Fam Plan Perspect. 1985; 17: 53-63
    • Google Scholar
18. • Vernon M
    • Green J
    • Frothingham T
    • et al.
    Teenage pregnancy: a prospective study of self esteem and other sociodemographic factors.
    Pediatrics. 1983; 72: 632-635
    • Google Scholar
19. • Jay S
    • Litt I
    • DuRant RH
    Compliance with therapeutic regimens.
    J Adolesc Health Care. 1984; 5: 124-133
    • Google Scholar
20. • Litt I
    • Cuskey W
    Compliance with medical regimens during adolescence.
    Pediatr Clin North Am. 1980; 27: 3-15
    • Google Scholar
21. • Kantner J
    • Zelnik M
    Sexual experience of unmarried women in the United States.
    Fam Plan Perspect. 1972; 4: 9-14
    • Google Scholar
22. • Chilman C
    Adolescent sexuality in a changing American society, DHEW Publication No. (NIA) 79. Department of Health Education, and Welfare, 1979
    • Google Scholar
23. • Litt I
    • Cuskey W
    • Rudd S
    Identifying adolescents at risk for noncompliance with contraceptive therapy.
    J Pediatr. 1980; 96: 742-745
    • Google Scholar
24. • Freeman E
    • Rickeis K
    • Huggins G
    • et al.
    Adolescent contraceptive use: comparisons of male and female attitudes and information.
    Am J Public Health. 1980; 70: 790-797
    • Google Scholar
25. • Greydanus D
    Contraception in adolescence: an overview for the pediatrician.
    Pediatr Ann. 1980; 9: 111-118
    • Google Scholar
26. • Jaffee F
    • Dryfoos J
    Fertility control services for adolescents: access and utilization.
    Fam Plan Perspect. 1976; 8: 167-183
    • Google Scholar
27. • Kulig J
    Adolescent contraception: an update.
    Pediatrics. 1985; 76: 675-680
    • Google Scholar
28. • Kreutner A
    Adolescent contraception.
    Pediatr Clin North Am. 1981; 28: 455-473
    • Google Scholar
29. • Emans S
    • Grace E
    • Woods E
    • et al.
    Adolescents' compliance with the use of oral contraceptives.
    JAMA. 1987; 257: 3377-3381
    • Google Scholar
30. • Morrison D
    Adolescent contraceptive behavior: a review.
    Psychol Bull. 1985; 98: 538-568
    • Google Scholar
31. • Ryan G
    • Sweeney P
    Attitudes of adolescents toward pregnancy and contraception.
    Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980; 137: 358-366
    • Google Scholar
32. • Nadelson C
    • Notman M
    • Gillon J
    Sexual knowledge and attitudes of adolescents: relationship to contraceptive use.
    Obstet Gynecol. 1979; 55: 340-345
    • Google Scholar
33. • Dryfoos J
    contraceptive use, pregnancy intentions, and pregnancy outcomes among United States women.
    Fam Plan Perspect. 1982; 14: 81-93
    • Google Scholar
34. • Freeman E
    • Rickeis K
    • Mudd E
    • et al.
    Never pregnant adolescents and family planning programs: contraception, continuation and pregnancy risks.
    Am J Pub Health. 1982; 72: 815-822
    • Google Scholar
35. • Namerow PB
    • Philliber S
    The effectiveness of contraceptive programs for teenagers.
    J Adolesc Health Care. 1982; 2: 189-198
    • Google Scholar
36. • Zelnik M
    • Kantner J
    Reasons for nonuse of contraception by sexually active women aged 15-19.
    Fam Plan Perspect. 1979; 11: 289-296
    • Google Scholar
37. • Strasburger V
    Sex, drugs, rock ‘n’ roll: are solutions possible?.
    Pediatrics. 1985; 76: 704-712
    • Google Scholar
38. • Zelnick M
    • Shah F
    First intercourse among young Americans.
    Fam Plan Perspect. 1983; 15: 64-70
    • Google Scholar
39. • Zabin L
    • Kantner J
    • Zelnick M
    The risk of adolescent pregnancy in the first months of intercourse.
    Fam Plan Perspect. 1979; 11: 215-222
    • Google Scholar
40. • Tyrer L
    • Josimovich J
    Contraception in teenagers.
    Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1977; 20: 651-663
    • Google Scholar
41. • DeAmicis L
    • Klorman R
    • Hess D
    • et al.
    A comparison of unwed pregnant teenagers and nulligravid sexually active adolescents seeking contraception.
    Adolescence. 1981; XVI: 11-20
    • Google Scholar
42. • Bolton G
    Adolescent contraception.
    Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1981; 24: 977-986
    • Google Scholar
43. • Tyrer LB
    Oral contraception for the adolescent.
    J Reprod Med. 1984; 29: 551-559
    • Google Scholar
44. • Rosenberg M
    • Rosenthal S
    Reproductive mortality in the United States: recent trends and méthodologie considerations.
    Am J Public Health. 1987; 77: 833-836
    • Google Scholar
45. • DuRant RH
    • Jay S
    • Linder CW
    • et al.
    The influence of psychosocial factors on adolescent compliance with oral contraceptives.
    J Adolesc Health Care. 1984; 5: 1-6
    • Google Scholar
46. IPPF Medical Bulletin. 1987; vol 21
    • Google Scholar
47. • Zelnik M
    • Kim Y
    Sex education and its association with teenage sexual activity, pregnancy and contraceptive use.
    Fam Plan Perspect. 1982; 14: 117-126
    • Google Scholar
48. • Burkman R
    Selective criteria for oral contraceptive use.
    J Reprod Med. 1986; 31: 929-932
    • Google Scholar
49. • Spellacy W
    • Kalra P
    • Buhi W
    • et al.
    Pituitary and ovarian responsiveness to a graded gonadotropin releasing factor stimulation test in women using a low-estrogen or a regular type of oral contraceptive.
    Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980; 137: 109-114
    • Google Scholar
50. • Greydanus D
    • McAnarney E
    Contraception in the adolescent: current concepts for the pediatrician.
    Pediatrics. 1980; 65: 1-13
    • Google Scholar
51. • Kaunitz A
    • Grimes D
    Good news about contraceptives and PID.
    Contemporary Obstet Gynecol. 1986; 3: 153-157
    • Google Scholar
52. • Ory H
    The noncontraceptive health benefits from oral contraceptive use.
    Fam Plan Perspect. 1982; 14: 182-184
    • Google Scholar
53. • Ory H
    • Layde P
    • Webster L
    • et al.
    Oral contraceptive use and the risk of ovarian cancer.
    JAMA. 1983; 249: 1596-1598
    • Google Scholar
54. • Dorflinger L
    Relative potency of progestins used in oral contraceptives.
    Contraception. 1985; 31: 557-569
    • Google Scholar
55. • Pasquale S
    Rationale for a triphasic oral contraceptive.
    J Reprod Med. 1984; 29: 560-565
    • Google Scholar
56. Dickey R Managing contraceptive pill patients. Creative Infomatics, Inc., Durant OK1984
    • Google Scholar
57. • Tietze C
    The pill and mortality from cardiovascular disease: another look.
    Fam Plan Perspect. 1979; 11: 80-84
    • Google Scholar
58. • Kay C
    Progestogens and arterial disease—evidence from the Royal College of General Practitioners' study.
    Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982; 142: 762-765
    • Google Scholar
59. • Fotherby K
    Oral contraceptives, lipids, and cardiovascular disease.
    Contraception. 1985; 31: 387-389
    • Google Scholar
60. • Valla D
    • Le M
    • Poynard T
    • et al.
    Risk of hepatic vein thrombosis in relation to recent use of oral contraceptives.
    Gastroenterology. 1986; 90: 807-811
    • Google Scholar
61. • Sartwell P
    Oral contraceptives: another look.
    Am J Pub Health. 1978; 68: 323-325
    • Google Scholar
62. • Connell E
    Oral contraceptives: the current risk-benefit ratio.
    J Reprod Med. 1984; 29: 513-521
    • Google Scholar
63. • Godon-Hardy S
    • Meder J
    • Dilouya A
    • et al.
    Ischemic strokes and oral contraception.
    Neuroradiology. 1985; 27: 588-592
    • Google Scholar
64. Oral contraceptives in the 1980's.
    in: Population Reports, Series A, no. 6. Johns Hopkins University Public Information Program, Baltimore1982
    • Google Scholar
65. • Ramcharan S
    • Pellegrin F
    • Ray R
    • et al.
    The Walnut Creek contraceptive drug study: a prospective study of the side effects of oral contraceptives. Bethesda Naval Institute of Health, Bethesda1981
    • Google Scholar
66. • Mishell D
    Contraception.
    Am J Dis Child. 1978; 132: 912-920
    • Google Scholar
67. • Weinberger A
    Oral contraceptives and hypertension.
    Hosp Pract. 1975; 10: 65-69
    • Google Scholar
68. • Greenblatt D
    • Kochweser J
    Oral contraceptives and hypertension.
    Obstet Gynecol. 1974; 44: 412-417
    • Google Scholar
69. • Shearman R
    Secondary amenorrhea after oral contraceptives: treatment and follow-up.
    Contraception. 1975; 11: 123-131
    • Google Scholar
70. • Neinstein LS
    • Katz B
    Contraceptive use in chronically ill adolescent female. II. 1986; 7: 350-360
    • Google Scholar
71. • Shafey S
    • Scheinberg P
    Vascular headaches and oral contraceptives.
    Ann Intern Med. 1966; 65: 863-871
    • Google Scholar
72. • Grant E
    • Pryse-Davies J
    Effect of oral contraceptives on depressive mood changes.
    Br Med J. 1968; 3: 777-780
    • Google Scholar
73. • Herzberg B
    • Draper K
    • Johnson A
    • et al.
    Oral contraceptives, depression and libido.
    Br Med J. 1971; 3: 495-500
    • Google Scholar
74. • Ryde-Bloomquist E
    Contraception in adolescence: a review.
    J Biosoc Sei. 1978; 5: 132-157
    • Google Scholar
75. • Strom B
    • Tamragouri R
    • Morse M
    • et al.
    Oral contraceptives and other risk factors for gall bladder disease.
    Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986; 39: 335-340
    • Google Scholar
76. • Wynn V
    Effects of duration of low-dose oral contraceptive administration on carbohydrate metabolism.
    Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982; 142: 739-745
    • Google Scholar
77. • Furman B
    Impairment of glucose tolerance produced by diuretics and other drugs.
    Pharmacol Ther. 1981; 12: 613-649
    • Google Scholar
78. • Spellacy W
    Carbohydrate metabolism during treatment with estrogen, progestogen and low-dose oral contraceptives.
    Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982; 142: 732-734
    • Google Scholar
79. • Powell M
    • Hedlin A
    • Cerskus I
    • et al.
    Effects of oral contraceptives on lipoprotein lipids: a prospective study.
    Obstet Gynecol. 1984; 63: 764-769
    • Google Scholar
80. • Sears H
    • Smith G
    • Powell R
    Hepatic adenoma associated with oral contraceptive use: an unusual clinical presentation.
    Arch Surg. 1976; 111: 1399-1403
    • Google Scholar
81. • Gala K
    • Griffin T
    Hepatoma in young women on oral contraceptives: report of two cases and review of the literature.
    J Surg Oncol. 1983; 22: 11-14
    • Google Scholar
82. • Forman D
    • Dell R
    • Peto R
    Trends in mortality from carcinoma of the liver and the use of oral contraceptives.
    Br J Cancer. 1983; 48: 349-354
    • Google Scholar
83. • Ory H
    Long-term oral contraceptive use and the risk of breast cancer.
    JAMA. 1983; 249: 1591-1594
    • Google Scholar
84. • Nomura A
    • Comstock G
    Benign breast tumor and estrogenic hormones: a population-based retrospective study.
    Am J Epidemiol. 1976; 103: 439-444
    • Google Scholar
85. • Stubblefield P
    Oral contraceptives and neoplasia.
    J Reprod Med. 1984; 29: 524-527
    • Google Scholar
86. • Silverberg S
    • Makowski E
    Endometrial carcinoma in young women taking oral contraceptive agents.
    Obstet Gynecol. 1975; 46: 503-506
    • Google Scholar
87. • Batzer F
    Formulation and noncontraceptive uses of the new, low-dose oral contraceptive.
    J Reprod Med. 1984; 29: 503-512
    • Google Scholar
88. • Gaspard U
    • Dubois M
    • Gillain D
    • et al.
    Ovarian function is effectively inhibited by a low-dose triphasic oral contraceptive containing ethinyl-estradiol and le-vonorgestrel.
    Contraception. 1984; 29: 305-315
    • Google Scholar
89. • Apelo R
    • Suplido A
    Clinical assessment of a new triphasic oral contraceptive.
    Clin Ther. 1985; 8: 61-70
    • Google Scholar
90. • Diczfalusy E
    New developments in oral, injectable and implantable contraceptives, vaginal rings and intrauterine devices—a review.
    Contraception. 1986; 33: 7-20
    • Google Scholar
91. • Carlborg L
    Comparison of contraceptive acceptability of levonorgestrel and ethinyl oestradiol administered in one three-phase (Trionetta®) and one mono-phasic (Neovletta®) version.
    Contraception. 1983; 27: 439-450
    • Google Scholar
92. • Gaspard U
    • Deville J
    • Dubois M
    Clinical experience with a triphasic oral contraceptive (Trinordiol) in young women.
    Curr Med Res Opin. 1983; 8: 395-404
    • Google Scholar
93. • Ulstein M
    • Svendsen E
    • Steier A
    • et al.
    Clinical experience with a triphasic oral contraceptive.
    Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1984; 63: 233-236
    • Google Scholar
94. • Ellsworth H
    • Ayerst R
    • Harris J
    • et al.
    Evaluation of a new triphasic oral contraceptive in private practice.
    Contraception. 1986; 34: 435-442
    • Google Scholar
95. • Gaspard U
    • Buret J
    • Gillain D
    • et al.
    Serum lipid and lipoprotein changes induced by new oral contraceptives containing ethinyl-estradiol plus levonorgestrel or Desogestrel.
    Contraception. 1985; 31: 395-405
    • Google Scholar
96. • Skouby S
    • Wagner H
    • Anderson O
    The short-term effects of a low-dose oral contraceptive on glucose metabolism, plasma lipids and blood clotting factors.
    Contraception. 1983; 28: 489-498
    • Google Scholar
97. • Skouby S
    • Kuhl C
    • Molsted-Pederson L
    • et al.
    Triphasic oral contraception: metabolic effects in normal women and those with previous gestational diabetes.
    Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985; 153: 495-499
    • Google Scholar
98. • Kloosterboer H
    • van Wayjen R
    • van den Ende A
    Comparative effects of monophasic Desogestrel plus ethinyl-estradiol and triphasic levonorgestrel plus ethinyl-estradiol on lipid metabolism.
    Contraception. 1986; 34: 135-143
    • Google Scholar
99. • Culberg G
    • Samsioe G
    • Anderson R
    • et al.
    Two oral contraceptives, efficacy, serum proteins and lipid metabolism.
    Contraception. 1982; 26: 229-242
    • Google Scholar
100. • Ling W
     • Johnston D
     • Lea R
     • et al.
     Serum gonadotropin and ovarian steroidal levels in women during administration of a norethindrone-ethinyl-estradiol triphasic oral contraceptive.
     Contraception. 1985; 32: 367-375
     • Google Scholar
101. • Howie P
     The progestogen-only pill.
     Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1985; 92: 1001-1002
     • Google Scholar
102. • Graham S
     • Frazer I
     The progesteron-only mini-pill.
     Contraception. 1982; 26: 373-388
     • Google Scholar
103. • Baird D
     • McNeilly I
     • Sawers R
     • et al.
     Failure of estrogen-induced discharge of luteinizing hormone in lactating women.
     J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1979; 49: 500-590
     • Google Scholar
104. • Mishell D
     Current status of intrauterine devices.
     N Engl J Med. 1985; 312: 984-985
     • Google Scholar
105. • Speidell J
     Steroidal contraception in the ′80s-the role of current and new products.
     J Reprod Med. 1983; 28: 759-769
     • Google Scholar
106. • Bergman A
     Condoms for sexually active adolescents.
     Am J Dis Child. 1980; 134: 247-249
     • Google Scholar
107. • Shearin R
     • Morris G
     Contraception for the adolescent.
     Post Grad Med. 1985; 78: 209-216
     • Google Scholar
108. • Fihn S
     • Johnson C
     • Pinkstaff C
     • et al.
     Diaphragm use and urinary tract infections: analysis of urodynamic and microbiological factors.
     J Urol. 1986; 136: 853-856
     • Google Scholar
109. • Bachler E
     • Dillon W
     • Cumbo T
     • et al.
     Prolonged use of a diaphragm and toxic shock syndrome.
     Fert Steril. 1982; 38: 248-250
     • Google Scholar
110. • Bachler E
     • Dillon W
     • Dryja D
     • et al.
     The effects of prolonged retention of diaphragms on colonization by Staphylococcus aureus of the lower genital tract.
     Fert Steril. 1983; 39: 162-166
     • Google Scholar
111. • Goldsmith M
     Sex in the age of AIDS calls for common sense and 'condom sense'.
     JAMA. 1987; 257: 2261-2266
     • Google Scholar
112. • Felman Y
     A plea for the condom, especially for teenagers.
     JAMA. 1979; 241: 2517-2518
     • Google Scholar
113. • Barlow D
     The condom and gonorrhea.
     Lancet. 1977; 2: 811-812
     • Google Scholar
114. • Belsky R
     Vaginal contraceptives: a time for reappraisal?.
     Pop Rep(H). 1975; 3: 37-51
     • Google Scholar
115. • Bernstein G
     Conventional methods of contraception: condom, diaphragm, and vaginal foam.
     Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1974; 17: 21-33
     • Google Scholar
116. • Feldblum P
     • Rosenberg M
     Spermicides and sexually transmitted diseases: new perspectives.
     NC Med J. 1986; 47: 569-572
     • Google Scholar
117. • Eliot J
     • Anderson L
     • Bernstein S
     Progress report on a study of the cervical cap.
     J Reprod Med. 1985; 30: 753-759
     • Google Scholar
118. • Schmidt A
     Diethylstilbestrol as a post-coital oral contraceptive; patient labeling.
     Federal Register. 1975; 40: 5351
     • Google Scholar
119. • Dixon G
     • Schlesselman J
     • Ory H
     • et al.
     Ethinyl estradiol and conjugated estrogens as postcoital contraceptives.
     JAMA. 1980; 244: 1336-1339
     • Google Scholar
120. • Olind V
     New delivery systems for hormonal contraception.
     Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1986; 134: 15-20
     • Google Scholar
121. • Landgren B
     • Johannisson E
     • Xing S
     • et al.
     A clinical pharmacological study of a new type of vaginal delivery system for levonorgestrel.
     Contraception. 1985; 32: 581-601
     • Google Scholar
122. • Elder M
     • Lawson J
     • Lucas S
     • et al.
     Effect of a new contraceptive ring releasing 20 meg levonorgestrel daily on blood lipid levels and glucose tolerance.
     Contraception. 1984; 30: 55-60
     • Google Scholar
123. • Finkel M
     • Finkel D
     Male adolescent sexual behavior, the forgotten partner: a review.
     J School Health. 1983; 53: 544-547
     • Google Scholar
124. • Diller L
     • Hembree W
     Male contraception and family planning: a social and historical review.
     Fert Steril. 1977; 28: 1271-1279
     • Google Scholar
125. • DuRant RH
     • Jay MS
     A social psychologic model of female adolescents' compliance with contraceptives.
     Sem Adolesc Med. 1987; 3: 135-144
     • Google Scholar
126. • DeLamater J
     An interpersonal and interactional model of contraceptive behavior.
     in: Byrne D Fisher W Adolescent sex and contraception. Lawrence Erlbawn Associates, Hillsdale, NJ1983: 33-48
     • Google Scholar
127. • Luker K
     Taking chances: Abortion and the Decision not to Contracept. University of California Press, Berkeley1975
     • Google Scholar
128. • Nieman L
     • Choate T
     • Chrousos G
     • et al.
     The progesterone antagonist RU 486.
     N Engl J Med. 1987; 316: 187-191
     • Google Scholar
129. • Robertson D
     • Diaz S
     • Alvarez-Sanchez F
     • et al.
     Contraception with long-acting subdermal implants.
     Contraception. 1985; 31: 351-359
     • Google Scholar
130. • Ory S
     • Hammond C
     • Yancy S
     • et al.
     The effect of a biodegradable contraceptive capsule (Capronor) containing levonorgestrel on gonadotropin, estrogen, and progesterone levels.
     Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983; 145: 600-605
     • Google Scholar
131. • Adadevoh K
     • Affandi B
     • Borell U
     • et al.
     Facts about an implantable contraceptive: memorandum from a WHO meeting.
     Bull WHO. 1985; 63: 485-494
     • Google Scholar
132. Zatuchni G Shelton J Sciarra J LHRH Peptides as Female and Male Contraceptives. Harper and Row, Hagerstown, Maryland1981
     • Google Scholar